Study Questions for the Botany Final

I. For study questions on Hormones

a. Previously given Study questions for Hormone Chapter 14

b. From Web notes:

1. How do salicylates act as hormones? give 3 examples of their hormone effects?

2. Describe the experiments and conclusions on auxin action completed by Darwin, Boysen-Jensen and Paal and Went.

3. Explain the 7 resulting actions induced by auxin. ( i.e.. cell differentiation.. and so on)

4. Explain the 6 resulting actions induced by gibberellins. ( ie. juvenility.. and so on

5. Explain how the interactions of multiple hormones can lead to differential expression and morphology. Use the example of auxin, gibberellins and ethylene in in pine wood.

6. Explain the 6 resulting actions induced by Abscisic acid . ( ie. bud dormancy.. and so on)

7. Go back to the molecular paper I gave you on ABA and stomatal closure. What are the major reactions that occur to finally induce stomatal closure ( go back to the cascading series, vaculolar vs. cytoplasmic vs. membrane changes)

8. Explain the 5 resulting actions induced by Ethylene . ( ie. sex exp.. and so on)

9. Explain the 4 resulting actions induced by Cytokinins . ( ie.division.. and so on)

10. Explain how each of the 2 stages of graviotropism response is induced. there are certainly several possible explanations. Give 1-2.

11. What was the final explanation on the mechanism of phototropism. How did they decide whether it was due to the movement or destruction of the hormone?

12. Describe the phytochrome model which explains how light-sensitive plants ( short/long-day) are induced to flower.

13. Besides flowering, what other reactions do phytochromes induce?

II. For study questions on Genetics

a.Previously given : Study Questions for Genetics Chapters 15 and 16

b. Web notes;

1. Describe in SOME DETAIL how each of the following gene insertion techniques work:

a. Agrobacterium

b. protoplast fusion

c.gene gun

2. Why is it NOT enough to just insert the gene responsible for a particular protein into a plant's genome for full expression? what other genes must be included and what role do they play in the process ( ie. marker)

3. Give 6 out of the 9 major areas of plant growth/development etc which will be changed in the near future with inclusion of new genes in plants ( here I am referring to future directions of bioengineering ie. fertilizer use and so on.)

4. What are some of the real pro's and con's of plant bioengineering? Discuss fully. Include material from the video and from the last pages of the notes on bioengineering.

III. For study questions for Plant Defenses( information from web notes)

1. Describe and give an example of 'indirect defenses'. How could this method of defense evolve?

2. Describe the phenomenon of alleochemicals. How do they work? thoroughly describe one example

3. Give 3 characteristic odors given off by plants and the chemicals they use to produce these odors.

4. Give the 7 mechanisms (and how they work) used by fungi and other microbes to 'hurt' plants.

5. Compare and contrast the general classes of mechanisms used by plants against microbes which exist before vs. After infection.

6. Give 5 characteristics of phytoalexins

6. Explain how hypersensitization works.

7. In the video we watched on bioengineering, one example they gave was inserting the gene for the ringnose virus into the plants to prevent infection. This sounds like an immune reaction, but we 'know' that plants don't have immune systems. Explain how this reaction could occur in the papaya after you work your way through the 2 sets of abstract and notes I gave you starting with...

a. Scheel, H. Hirt1, T. Kroj, W. Ligtering1, D. Nennstiel, T. NŸrnberger, M. Tschšpe, W. Wirtz, and H. Zinecker Institut fŸr Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg

Plants apparently recognize potentially pathogenic organisms through receptors on their surface that specifically bind pathogen or plant-derived signal molecules, so-called elicitors,

b.BIOSCIENCE COMPANY PIONEERS PLANT STIMULANT...tucked away...

see the rest and work a possible mechanism. Include the steps given in the notes.

8. Give 3 ways microbes/fungi counteract plant defenses/

9. What body of evidence exists that proves that herbal medicines/chemicals work on humans? give 2 examples. What are 2-3 benefits of using natural medicines? What cons exist? see phytochemistry in Germany article.

10. Give the 3 major classes of antiherbivory defense compounds and one example for each. Explain from which biochemical pathways these chemical groupings are derived. See the 2 charts. Give an example of a more recently evolved secondary compound used for herbivory defense and one relatively ancient one.

11. What is an alkaloid? give 2 examples.

12. Briefly Explain 5 major groupings of alkaloid effects on mammalians and give an example.

13. How do nonprotein amino acids act as herbivory deterrents? explain

14. Explain how do cyanogenic glycosides affect herbivores?

15. What is a terpenoid? give a simple and complex example.

16. Why would plants produce 'human' active hormones? what impact could they have on mammalian herbivores?

17. What are phenols? give a simple and complex example.

18. Give and explain at least 5-6 ways that polyphenols affect the body.

19. Give several reasons why chamomile tea is used in many countries as a 'serious' medicinal product. What is one of the active compounds? Which family of the 3 secondary biochemicals does it belong to?

20 . Choose one of the medicinal herbs given in the Medicinal botany section, and explain how it used and why in treatment. * Garlic * Tea * Cranberries * Artichokes * Diabetes * Peppermint * Cancer * Horse chestnut * Elderberry * Kava kava

IV. ID of wildflowers.. as ususal.. I will 'flash' the image, you give the common name and ( I relent) the GENUS [though not species unless you want to.]